All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

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Everybody Wang Chung
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All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by Everybody Wang Chung »

A rather shocking admission from Jacob Hansen. Jacob also mentions that about half of his extended family have left the church.

The fact that all of his online content hasn’t managed to persuade any of them to return to church speaks volumes. I know it's hard to believe, but maybe they just don't believe all of Jacob's brilliant apologetics? Maybe Jacob's siblings need to start reading all those Interpreter articles that come out every single Friday?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coi2zBlUe1Q&t=122s
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

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Everybody Wang Chung wrote:
Sun Apr 20, 2025 3:08 pm
Maybe Jacob's siblings need to start reading all those Interpreter articles that come out every single Friday?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coi2zBlUe1Q&t=122s
Don’t forget the Thursday Interpreter reprints. Those things are like magic for keeping tithe payers paying.
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by Rivendale »

Everybody Wang Chung wrote:
Sun Apr 20, 2025 3:08 pm
A rather shocking admission from Jacob Hansen. Jacob also mentions that about half of his extended family have left the church.

The fact that all of his online content hasn’t managed to persuade any of them to return to church speaks volumes. I know it's hard to believe, but maybe they just don't believe all of Jacob's brilliant apologetics? Maybe Jacob's siblings need to start reading all those Interpreter articles that come out every single Friday?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coi2zBlUe1Q&t=122s
His dad Ira Hansen is still in and he is a Nevada State Legislator. I think Jacob gets a lot of his political and religious leanings from him.
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by Moksha »

That video seemed like Jacob was trying to convince himself that it is "oh so true".
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by Morley »

Everybody Wang Chung wrote:
Sun Apr 20, 2025 3:08 pm
A rather shocking admission from Jacob Hansen. Jacob also mentions that about half of his extended family have left the church.

The fact that all of his online content hasn’t managed to persuade any of them to return to church speaks volumes. I know it's hard to believe, but maybe they just don't believe all of Jacob's brilliant apologetics? Maybe Jacob's siblings need to start reading all those Interpreter articles that come out every single Friday?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coi2zBlUe1Q&t=122s
I imagine that the viewing of Hansen's Youtube presentations was what convinced them to leave. The weak apologetics that dominate the discourse these days are more damning to the Church than any critic ever was.
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by MG 2.0 »

Morley wrote:
Mon Apr 21, 2025 3:06 pm
Everybody Wang Chung wrote:
Sun Apr 20, 2025 3:08 pm
A rather shocking admission from Jacob Hansen. Jacob also mentions that about half of his extended family have left the church.

The fact that all of his online content hasn’t managed to persuade any of them to return to church speaks volumes. I know it's hard to believe, but maybe they just don't believe all of Jacob's brilliant apologetics? Maybe Jacob's siblings need to start reading all those Interpreter articles that come out every single Friday?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coi2zBlUe1Q&t=122s
I imagine that the viewing of Hansen's Youtube presentations was what convinced them to leave. The weak apologetics that dominate the discourse these days are more damning to the Church than any critic ever was.
To a critic. Would you be so good as to support this assertion with some cold, hard facts (or non-facts) from his videos? Links, time stamps?

Otherwise, aren't you blowing hot air?

Regards,
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by MG 2.0 »

Moksha wrote:
Mon Apr 21, 2025 4:44 am
That video seemed like Jacob was trying to convince himself that it is "oh so true".
Time stamp at around 4:00.

Yep. It's God, baby! That's where it has to start.

4:40 also. How true. That has been my own observation. Gee whiz, the whole thing. Way to go Jacob!

Regards,
MG
Last edited by MG 2.0 on Mon Apr 21, 2025 11:10 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by MG 2.0 »

Everybody Wang Chung wrote:
Sun Apr 20, 2025 3:08 pm
A rather shocking admission from Jacob Hansen. Jacob also mentions that about half of his extended family have left the church.

The fact that all of his online content hasn’t managed to persuade any of them to return to church speaks volumes. I know it's hard to believe, but maybe they just don't believe all of Jacob's brilliant apologetics? Maybe Jacob's siblings need to start reading all those Interpreter articles that come out every single Friday?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coi2zBlUe1Q&t=122s
Very important video. I wish everyone that struggles with their faith could watch this and then travel a similar path.

I did.

And it made ALL the difference.

Unfortunately, I think there are too many people that invert the pyramid.

Regards,
MG
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by Morley »

MG 2.0 wrote:
Mon Apr 21, 2025 10:48 pm
Morley wrote:
Mon Apr 21, 2025 3:06 pm
I imagine that the viewing of Hansen's Youtube presentations was what convinced them to leave. The weak apologetics that dominate the discourse these days are more damning to the Church than any critic ever was.
To a critic. Would you be so good as to support this assertion with some cold, hard facts (or non-facts) from his videos? Links, time stamps?

Otherwise, aren't you blowing hot air?
When I begin my statements with words such as "I Imagine that," it generally signals that I'm expressing an opinion, and as such, I'm not making assertions where folks usually request timestamps.

But since you do so love your Chatbot walls of text, I'll do it for you. Unfortunately, I no longer have a subscription to a paid chat version, so this is the best you're going to get. I also know you're not in favor of transparently providing A.I. prompts, but I'll tell you mine, anyway.

ChatGPT Prompt:

The Mormon apologist, Jacob Hansen, produces youtube videos defending the LDS Church. What are six things that are wrong with them?

Answer:

Jacob Hansen, a Mormon apologist and creator of the YouTube channel Thoughtful Faith, presents himself as a moderate and intellectually engaged defender of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). His videos are often positioned as rational, fair-minded responses to criticisms of the LDS Church, and they have gained traction among members seeking faithful but “thoughtful” apologetics. However, from an academic and critical perspective, particularly that of religious studies, theology, and media critique, his work exhibits several problematic tendencies. Below are six key critiques of Hansen’s apologetic content, supported by relevant scholarly perspectives and standards in the study of religion, apologetics, and public theology.

1. Selective Framing and Use of Straw Man Arguments
One of the most pervasive problems in Hansen’s apologetics is his tendency to selectively frame criticisms of the LDS Church, often reducing complex critiques into more digestible and easily dismissible caricatures. This rhetorical approach results in the frequent deployment of straw man arguments, a classical logical fallacy in which an opponent's position is misrepresented in order to more easily refute it.

For instance, in videos responding to critics such as John Dehlin or Jeremy Runnells (author of the CES Letter), Hansen often portrays their objections as simplistic, emotional, or rooted in personal offense, rather than engaging deeply with the broader theological, historical, or institutional critiques they represent. Such framing allows him to appear charitable while actually undermining the intellectual seriousness of his interlocutors.

Religious scholar Douglas J. Davies notes that “the construction of an opponent’s argument is central to the integrity of religious debate” (The Mormon Culture of Salvation, 2000). When an apologist reduces nuanced positions into weak facsimiles, it reflects a lack of engagement with the full intellectual weight of the critique. This is particularly relevant in Mormon apologetics, where critiques often involve complex issues such as 19th-century historiography, race and priesthood policy, polygamy, and changing doctrines.

2. Neglect of Broader Historical Context
A second critique concerns Hansen’s limited incorporation of broader historical context, particularly regarding the development of LDS theology and practice. While he often presents faith-promoting reinterpretations of historical events (e.g., the translation of the Book of Mormon, the practice of polygamy, or the priesthood ban), he does so without adequately situating these issues within the wider American religious, political, or social environment of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Historians such as Richard Bushman (Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, 2005) and Jan Shipps (Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition, 1985) have emphasized the importance of understanding the LDS movement within the context of American religious innovation, millennialism, and frontier culture. Apologetics that avoid this complexity often fall into presentist fallacies, anachronistically applying modern categories or standards to defend past events without grappling with their historical contingency.

For example, in defending Joseph Smith's polygamy, Hansen frequently leans on faith-based rationales—such as Smith’s alleged resistance to polygamy or the restoration of ancient principles—without sufficiently addressing the patriarchal power dynamics, secrecy, and age disparities involved. As Todd Compton (In Sacred Loneliness, 1997) and Kathryn Daynes (More Wives Than One, 2001) have shown, the lived experiences of women in early Mormon polygamy are central to understanding the practice, not incidental.

3. False Equivalence and Bothsidesism
Hansen frequently employs a rhetorical strategy known as false equivalence or bothsidesism, in which he presents apologetic responses as equally valid to critical scholarship, even when the two are operating under different evidentiary standards or methodologies. This tactic is particularly visible in his use of “faith vs. doubt” binaries, where he suggests that both belief and skepticism are based on assumptions or “faith positions.”

While it is philosophically true that all worldviews involve some degree of epistemic commitment, this framing collapses critical distinctions between empirical-historical analysis and faith-based apologetics. In academic religious studies, methodological agnosticism is foundational: scholars examine religions without making normative judgments about their truth claims, a stance described by Russell T. McCutcheon in Manufacturing Religion (1997) as essential to maintaining academic rigor.

By placing apologetic explanations—often reliant on internal faith claims—on equal footing with externally verifiable critique, Hansen’s videos blur the boundary between theological discourse and critical scholarship. This undermines the viewer’s ability to discern the qualitative differences in evidence, argumentation, and methodology.

4. Appeal to Authority without Critical Interrogation
Another common feature of Hansen’s apologetic strategy is his uncritical reliance on LDS General Authorities and Church-approved scholars as the ultimate sources of interpretive authority. While he often cites prominent LDS figures like Elder Jeffrey R. Holland or Church historian Richard Turley, these citations are generally presented without critical interrogation or comparative analysis.

This strategy runs counter to academic norms, which prioritize peer-reviewed, methodologically rigorous scholarship. Apologetics that rely solely on institutional authority risk falling into the fallacy of appeal to authority (argumentum ad verecundiam), especially when the authority cited is not recognized outside of the religious tradition in question.

Furthermore, Hansen's refusal to critically engage with non-LDS scholars—such as Fawn Brodie, Dan Vogel, or Grant Palmer—reflects a form of epistemic insularity, where only in-group voices are considered legitimate. As Terryl Givens, himself a faithful scholar, has argued in Wrestling the Angel: The Foundations of Mormon Thought (2015), Mormonism must engage “honestly and fearlessly” with its critics and the broader academic world if it is to develop a mature and sustainable theology.

5. Misrepresentation of Doubt and Faith Crisis
One of Hansen’s most recurrent themes is the notion of a “faith crisis,” which he often presents as stemming from unrealistic expectations, poor sources, or emotional trauma. While there is some truth to the idea that unrealistic paradigms can contribute to disillusionment, his approach minimizes the cognitive and moral dissonance experienced by those who discover difficult truths about Church history or doctrine.

Recent sociological research, such as that by Jana Riess (The Next Mormons, 2019), has documented the complex factors contributing to faith transitions among Latter-day Saints, including concerns about historical transparency, institutional accountability, gender roles, and LGBTQ+ issues. By reducing these crises to personal fragility or misinformation, Hansen not only pathologizes doubt but also obscures the institutional role in fostering unrealistic narratives.

This approach also fails to reckon with the theological implications of deception or selective disclosure by Church leaders. Philosopher James Faulconer, writing in Faith, Philosophy, Scripture (2010), emphasizes that faith must be chosen in full knowledge of the costs and complexities. Hansen’s framing encourages a kind of “inoculated” faith, but one that may lack the resilience of a faith developed through genuine grappling with doubt.

6. Media Strategy Over Substance
Lastly, Hansen’s apologetics are deeply shaped by their media format, often prioritizing visual polish, rhetorical charisma, and emotional appeal over argumentative depth or scholarly nuance. His use of cinematic music, confident delivery, and emotionally charged testimonials reflects a persuasive aesthetic more akin to marketing than academic dialogue.

Marshall McLuhan’s famous dictum—“The medium is the message”—is relevant here. The short-form, algorithm-driven nature of YouTube rewards simplicity, repetition, and emotional impact, which can distort complex theological or historical discussions. Religious scholars such as Stewart Hoover and Diane Winston have long warned of the effects of media logic on religious discourse, noting that platforms like YouTube encourage spectacle and affirmation over analysis.

Thus, while Hansen’s videos may offer comfort to believing members, they do little to foster the kind of deep, critical, and reflective engagement that religious traditions—and especially young religious movements like Mormonism—need in order to mature intellectually and spiritually.

Conclusion
While Jacob Hansen’s apologetic work may be effective at retaining committed Latter-day Saints within a particular narrative framework, it suffers from significant intellectual and methodological limitations. Chief among these are his selective framing of arguments, lack of historical and scholarly context, reliance on institutional authority, and preference for media-driven persuasion over rigorous debate.

From the standpoint of religious studies and the academic study of Mormonism, his videos exemplify what Hugh Urban has called “boundary maintenance” rather than genuine inquiry—serving to reinforce existing belief structures rather than test or expand them. If Mormonism is to thrive intellectually in the 21st century, it will need defenders who are willing to engage with the full depth of its history, the plurality of scholarly voices, and the hard questions posed by both believers and skeptics alike.

Works Cited
Bushman, Richard L. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. Knopf, 2005.

Compton, Todd. In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith. Signature Books, 1997.

Daynes, Kathryn M. More Wives Than One: Transformation of the Mormon Marriage System, 1840–1910. University of Illinois Press, 2001.

Davies, Douglas J. The Mormon Culture of Salvation. Ashgate, 2000.

Faulconer, James E. Faith, Philosophy, Scripture. Neal A. Maxwell Institute, 2010.

Givens, Terryl. Wrestling the Angel: The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Cosmos, God, Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2015.

McCutcheon, Russell T. Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia. Oxford University Press, 1997.

Riess, Jana. The Next Mormons: How Millennials Are Changing the LDS Church. Oxford University Press, 2019.

Shipps, Jan. Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition. University of Illinois Press, 1985.

Urban, Hugh. The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton University Press, 2011. (for comparative new religious movement dynamics)

Winston, Diane. Religion and the News. Oxford University Press, 2012.

Hoover, Stewart. Religion in the Media Age. Routledge, 2006.

If you would like an analysis of a specific video or theme from Hansen's work (e.g., his take on polygamy, the Book of Abraham, or modern prophetic authority), I’d be happy to break that down in detail.
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Re: All 7 Of Jacob Hansen's Siblings Have Left The Church

Post by Morley »

ChatGPT Prompt:

Why would the above strategies cause people to leave the LDS Church?

Answer:

The apologetic strategies employed by Jacob Hansen—selective framing, false equivalence, reliance on institutional authority, pathologizing doubt, aesthetic persuasion over substance, and a limited historical scope—are not merely ineffective for some audiences; they can actively contribute to disaffection, distrust, and eventual disaffiliation from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). To understand how and why, we must examine how these strategies intersect with processes of religious socialization, cognitive dissonance, epistemic trust, and identity formation, all of which are key concerns in the sociology and psychology of religion.

This analysis is grounded in a body of empirical research from scholars such as Jana Riess, Ryan Cragun, Terryl Givens, and others working within Mormon studies, as well as broader theorists of religious exit and transformation, including William James, James Fowler, and Helen Rose Ebaugh. What follows is a detailed breakdown of the mechanisms by which these apologetic strategies may provoke the very crises they aim to prevent.

1. Selective Framing Undermines Trust When Discrepancies Are Discovered
One of the foremost reasons individuals leave high-demand religious organizations like the LDS Church is the perception of betrayal or obfuscation by institutional authorities, particularly with regard to historical transparency. When apologetic content, such as Hansen’s, frames critiques in oversimplified or distorted ways, believers may later encounter primary historical documents or academic sources that reveal a more complex and troubling picture.

This dynamic often produces what the late LDS intellectual Eugene England called “the betrayal narrative”: the sense that one was taught a sanitized version of Church history only to later discover omitted or misrepresented facts. According to Jana Riess in The Next Mormons (2019), among Millennials who leave the Church, “a faith crisis almost never stems from a single event, but often from a dawning realization that information was hidden or distorted” (p. 153). Selective apologetics feed directly into this perception.

Theological scholar Patrick Q. Mason echoes this in Planted: Belief and Belonging in an Age of Doubt (2015), noting that a key factor in faith crises is not historical difficulty per se but the institutional response to those difficulties. When apologetic videos downplay valid concerns or offer facile answers, they may unintentionally validate the critics' charge that the Church is not honest with its history.

2. False Equivalence Creates Epistemic Confusion and Moral Frustration
Hansen’s use of false equivalence—framing belief and doubt as equally subjective “faith positions”—may initially seem like a conciliatory gesture, but it can sow epistemic confusion, especially among educated or analytically minded members. For those who have been taught that the Church is the "one true Church" in an exclusive and literalistic sense, being told that all worldviews are subjective or that “everyone is biased” can feel like a retreat from truth-claims rather than a defense of them.

This rhetorical shift has particular consequences in contexts where empirical evidence contradicts central truth claims. Take, for example, DNA evidence refuting the traditional understanding of Lamanite ancestry, or the historicity of the Book of Abraham. Presenting belief and disbelief as equivalent faith commitments may provide short-term solace, but when real-world consequences are involved—such as the continued teaching of problematic racial doctrines—members may experience moral and intellectual dissonance.

As philosopher Charles Taylor has argued in A Secular Age (2007), the modern "conditions of belief" demand not just faith, but credible, intellectually robust reasons for that faith. When apologetics fall back on relativistic defenses, they can ironically weaken the perceived credibility of the institution and its truth-claims.

3. Pathologizing Doubt Alienates Those in Transition
Another way in which Hansen’s apologetics may drive members out of the Church is through the pathologization of doubt. By characterizing doubters as misinformed, overly emotional, or lacking resilience, his videos perpetuate a stigmatizing narrative that isolates questioning members rather than inviting them into deeper engagement.

Helen Rose Ebaugh, in her sociological study Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit (1988), observed that identity transitions—such as leaving a religious community—involve both role conflict and identity renegotiation. When individuals feel that their honest doubts are being invalidated or pathologized, they often turn to alternative communities (e.g., ex-Mormon groups, progressive Mormon circles) where their experiences are acknowledged rather than dismissed.

Terryl and Fiona Givens make this point clearly in The Crucible of Doubt (2014), arguing that religious institutions must learn to “honor the integrity of the seeker’s journey” rather than framing doubt as failure. When apologetics like Hansen’s cast doubt as a deficiency rather than a natural part of spiritual maturation, they create a binary choice: conform or leave. For many, particularly in younger generations, the latter feels more authentic.

4. Overreliance on Institutional Authority Fuels Disaffection When Trust Fails
One of the foundational psychological concepts in religious commitment is epistemic trust—the idea that the believer must trust the sources of their knowledge about the divine and the moral universe. Hansen’s frequent appeal to General Authorities and LDS-approved scholars may reinforce existing faith for some, but it also places the burden of truth squarely on the perceived integrity of Church leaders.

When that integrity is compromised—by previously hidden facts, changing doctrinal positions, or problematic historical behaviors—those who have been taught to delegate their critical faculties to the institution may experience a collapse of trust.

This phenomenon has been documented by social scientists studying Mormon disaffiliation. In Leaving the Fold (2002), sociologist Edward Babinski outlines how institutions that condition believers to see religious authorities as near-infallible often face severe backlash when those authorities are shown to be fallible. The LDS Church’s historical changes on race, gender roles, and LGBTQ+ inclusion provide numerous examples where institutional trust has been tested.

Hansen’s apologetics, by continuing to outsource theological responsibility to leaders, may delay but ultimately exacerbate this collapse, especially when members feel betrayed not by theology, but by leadership behavior and transparency.

5. Cinematic and Simplistic Media Reinforces Superficial Faith
In Religion in the Media Age (2006), Stewart Hoover explains how religious messages mediated through modern digital platforms are often commodified into easily consumable soundbites, which shape not only what is communicated but also how audiences come to believe. Hansen’s videos—highly polished, visually dynamic, emotionally affective—participate in this logic, presenting religious belief in the form of personal branding and visual affirmation.

This media strategy has several unintended consequences:

It encourages parasocial attachment to the presenter rather than fostering deep theological inquiry.

It discourages complexity, rewarding brevity and confidence over nuance and uncertainty.

It may condition viewers to seek emotional reassurance, not critical engagement, making them vulnerable when emotional responses wane or are disrupted.

When viewers later encounter critical material that cannot be resolved in a five-minute video, the cognitive scaffolding built by such apologetics may collapse, leaving individuals not only uninformed but spiritually disoriented.

As digital religion scholar Heidi Campbell notes, religious digital media can create “bounded worlds” of interpretation that discourage crossing into competing perspectives. Yet it is precisely this crossing—this willingness to engage openly with dissonant information—that is necessary for a durable and reflective faith.

6. Failure to Address Moral Concerns Provokes Ethical Disillusionment
Many contemporary disaffiliates from the LDS Church report not only intellectual concerns but also moral repulsion at certain doctrines or policies, including:

The historical priesthood-temple ban on Black members (lifted only in 1978),

The exclusionary policies toward LGBTQ+ individuals and families,

The practice and historical legacy of polygamy,

Institutional responses to sexual abuse or ecclesiastical discipline.

When apologetic efforts like Hansen’s minimize or sidestep these moral issues—focusing instead on theological consistency or abstract defenses—they may be perceived as morally evasive or complicit.

This disjunction between institutional defense and moral intuition is a major factor in religious exit, particularly among younger generations. According to The Next Mormons, a large proportion of Millennial ex-members cite "the Church's stance on LGBT issues" as one of their primary reasons for leaving. Apologetics that defend problematic policies without addressing their human cost may only deepen that alienation.

The moral philosopher Martha Nussbaum emphasizes that ethical responsiveness to others’ suffering is at the core of any justifiable worldview. Apologetic strategies that fail to acknowledge the real harm experienced by others may protect institutional reputations, but they do so at the cost of individual moral and spiritual integrity.

Conclusion: Apologetics as a Double-Edged Sword
In sum, the apologetic strategies used by Jacob Hansen, while perhaps effective for a certain subset of committed believers, can actively drive others away from the LDS Church. These strategies—particularly when they obscure, pathologize, or simplify complex realities—can create a sense of betrayal, deepen moral disillusionment, and fracture the very trust they aim to uphold.

As the LDS Church continues to navigate its place in a pluralistic and critically informed world, it will need to foster more transparent, historically grounded, morally courageous, and epistemologically honest forms of engagement. Apologetics that operate more as institutional marketing than theological reflection will increasingly alienate those whose faith seeks depth, authenticity, and moral accountability.

For apologetics to be part of the solution rather than the problem, they must embody what the theologian Paul Tillich once called **“the courage to be”—to face ambiguity, embrace complexity, and find faith not in certainty, but in the freedom to seek truth.

Works Cited
Babinski, Edward T. Leaving the Fold: Testimonies of Former Fundamentalists. Prometheus Books, 2002.

Campbell, Heidi. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds. Routledge, 2013.

Ebaugh, Helen Rose Fuchs. Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit. University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Fowler, James W. Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning. HarperOne, 1981.

Givens, Terryl and Fiona. The Crucible of Doubt: Reflections on the Quest for Faith. Deseret Book, 2014.

Hoover, Stewart. Religion in the Media Age. Routledge, 2006.

Mason, Patrick Q. Planted: Belief and Belonging in an Age of Doubt. Deseret Book, 2015.

McCutcheon, Russell T. Manufacturing Religion. Oxford University Press, 1997.

Nussbaum, Martha. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Riess, Jana. The Next Mormons: How Millennials Are Changing the LDS Church. Oxford University Press, 2019.

Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Belknap Press, 2007.

Tillich, Paul. The Courage to Be. Yale University Press, 1952.

Urban, Hugh. The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton University Press, 2011.
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